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The Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) was a proposed missile defense system intended to protect the United States from attack by ballistic strategic nuclear weapons (Intercontinental ballistic missiles and Submarine-launched ballistic missiles). The system, which was to combine ground-based units and orbital deployment platforms, was first publicly announced by President Ronald Reagan on March 23, 1983.〔Federation of American Scientists. (Missile Defense Milestones ). Accessed March 10, 2006.〕 The initiative focused on strategic defense rather than the prior strategic offense doctrine of mutual assured destruction (MAD). The Strategic Defense Initiative Organization (SDIO) was set up in 1984 within the United States Department of Defense to oversee the Strategic Defense Initiative. Reagan was a vocal critic of the doctrine of mutual assured destruction, and the Strategic Defense Initiative was an important part of his defense policy intended to end MAD as a nuclear deterrence strategy, as well as a strategic initiative to neutralize the military component of Soviet nuclear defenses.〔('Alternatives to assured destruction', Encyclopaedia Britannica, Nuclear Strategy )〕 The ambitious initiative was criticized for allegedly threatening to destabilize the MAD -approach and to possibly re-ignite "an offensive arms race".〔(SDI ), Page 1600, The Greenwood Encyclopedia of International Relations: S-Z, By Cathal J. Nolan〕 SDI was nicknamed, largely in the mainstream media, as "Star Wars", after the popular 1977 film by George Lucas. In 1987, the American Physical Society concluded that a global shield such as "Star Wars" was extremely ambitious and with existing technology not directly feasible for operational status, and that about ten more years of research was needed to learn about such a comprehensive and complex system to set up and make it fully operational.〔(Stars Wars works! ), By MARK HERTSGAARD, 1996/06/07, SALON〕 However, the United States now hold a significant advantage in the field of comprehensive advanced missile defense systems through years of extensive research and testing. Many of the obtained technological insights were transferred to subsequent programs and would find use in follow-up programs.〔(4.9. The case of the US Strategic Defence Initiative ). Archive.unu.edu. Retrieved on 2013-07-21.〕〔(Missile Defense (Pros & Cons, Arguments For and Against, Advantages & Disadvantages) ). BalancedPolitics.org (2011-11-19). Retrieved on 2013-07-21.〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=James A. Abrahamson : Henry F. Cooper : What Did We Get For Our $30-Billion Investment In SDI/BMD? )〕 Under the administration of President Bill Clinton in 1993, its name was changed to the Ballistic Missile Defense Organization (BMDO) and its emphasis was shifted from national missile defense to theater missile defense; and its scope from global to more regional coverage. It was never truly developed or deployed, though certain aspects of SDI research and technologies paved the way for some anti-ballistic missile systems of today. BMDO was renamed to the Missile Defense Agency in 2002. This article covers defense efforts under the SDIO. Under the SDIO's Innovative Sciences and Technology Office, headed by physicist and engineer Dr. James Ionson,〔(85-25: National Policy on Transfer of Scientific, Technical and Engineering Information ), (Security Innovation for Estate Protection )〕 the investment was predominantly made in basic research at national laboratories, universities, and in industry; these programs have continued to be key sources of funding for top research scientists in the fields of high-energy physics, supercomputing/computation, advanced materials, and many other critical science and engineering disciplines — funding which indirectly supports other research work by top scientists, and which was most politically viable to fund within the budget environment.〔http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mZ4_kdgbw1Y〕 ==History== 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Strategic Defense Initiative」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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